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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese Sign Language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: silver;">Japanese Sign Language</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: silver;">日本手話 <i>Nihon Shuwa</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">320,000 (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-e22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign Language family</a>

<b>Japanese Sign Language</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Japanese_Federation_of_the_Deaf" title="Japanese Federation of the Deaf">Japanese Federation of the Deaf</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jsl" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:jsl">jsl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/japa1238">japa1238</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Japanese Sign Language</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本手話</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nihon-shuwa</i></span>)</span>, also known by the acronym <b>JSL</b>, is the dominant <a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> in <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and is a complete <a href="Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>, distinct from but influenced by the spoken <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Deafness_in_Japan" title="Deafness in Japan">Deafness in Japan</a></div>

<p>There are 304,000 Deaf and Hard of Hearing people who are above age 18 in Japan (2008). However, there is no specific source about the number of JSL users because of the difficulty in distinguishing who are JSL users and who use other kinds of sign, like <a href="Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">対応手話</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">taiō-shuwa</i></span>)</span> and <a href="Pidgin_Signed_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Signed Japanese">Pidgin Signed Japanese</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中間手話</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chūkan-shuwa</i></span>)</span>. According to the Japanese Association for Sign Language Studies,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the estimated number of JSL users is around 60,000 in Japan.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Little is known about <a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> and the <a href="Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> community before the <a href="Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. In 1862, the <a href="Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> dispatched envoys to various European schools for the deaf but the first school for the deaf was not established until 1878 in <a href="Ky%C5%8Dto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyōto">Kyōto</a>. It was founded by <a href="Tashiro_Furukawa" title="Tashiro Furukawa">Tashiro Furukawa</a>, who also developed what would become JSL.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Until 1948, deaf children were not required to attend school or to receive a formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the second half of the 20th century, a subtle cultural change in views about the Deaf in Japan evolved. The long-standing concept that <i>deaf</i> only means "people who cannot hear" emphasized a physical impairment as part of a biomedical disease model; however, this was gradually replaced by a slightly different paradigm. Deaf people were more often identified as people who use Japanese sign language. In other words, the <a href="Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">biomedical disability model</a> began slowly to be displaced by a <a href="Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">social-cultural</a> or JSL paradigm.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Japanese_Federation_of_the_Deaf" title="Japanese Federation of the Deaf">Japanese Federation of the Deaf</a> has worked with slow success in efforts to enhance communication opportunities for Japanese whose primary language is JSL.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The changing status of JSL and the Deaf in Japan is a slow process, but there are highlights. For example, JSL has an advocate among the Imperial family. <a href="Kiko%2C_Princess_Akishino" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiko, Princess Akishino">Kiko, Princess Akishino</a> has studied JSL and is a trained sign language interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She attends the Sign Language Speech Contest for High School Students held every August, and Praising Mothers Raising Children with Hearing Impairments every December. In October 2008, she participated in the 38th National Deaf Women's Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also signs in informal Deaf gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Deaf community supported passage of the proposed Sign Language Law.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Basic Act for Persons with Disabilities was enacted in 2011. This law recognized sign language as a language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpreters">Interpreters</h3></div>

<p>The slow integration of JSL within the context of Japanese culture has been accompanied by an expansion of the numbers of sign language interpreters:

</p>

<ul><li>1991: Japanese Association of Sign Language Interpreters (JASLI) established<sup id="cite_ref-jasli_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasli_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>1997: Ethics code of the Sign Language Interpreters established by JASLI<sup id="cite_ref-jasli_1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasli_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>2002: Japanese Federation of the Deaf and the National Research Association for Sign Language Interpretation established the National Training Institution of Sign Language<sup id="cite_ref-jasli_1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasli_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>In 2006, the Japanese government amended the Supporting Independence of People with Disabilities Act. The new language in the law encourages local governments to increase the number and use of JSL interpreters.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sign_terms_in_Japan">Other sign terms in Japan</h2></div>

<p>Japanese Sign Language is often confused with other <a href="Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">manually coded language</a> for communicating that are used in Japan. JSL is a naturally evolved language, and like any other language has its own linguistic structures. Manual systems for expressing a spoken language often lead to ungrammatical structures and incomplete sentences in both the spoken and signed language. In Japan, there are three kinds of sign terms:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Nihon Shuwa (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本手話</span></span>; JSL: Japanese Sign Language)<br>Nihon Shuwa (JSL) is a natural language that is constructed by unique phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, like all languages.</li>

<li>Taiou Shuwa (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">対応手話</span></span>; <a href="Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a>, or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本語対応手話</span></span>; Manually coded Japanese)<br>Taiou Shuwa uses the <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> word order (grammar) and supplements sign words with the Japanese language. In other words, Taiou Shuwa is not a sign language, but simply signed Japanese.</li>

<li>Chuukan Shuwa (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中間手話</span></span>; <a href="Pidgin_Signed_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Signed Japanese">Pidgin Signed Japanese</a>) <br>Chuukan Shuwa combines JSL with <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> grammar. It is called <a href="Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">contact sign</a> in the United States.</li></ul>

<p>JSL is the only one of these to be considered a true sign language, as opposed to an <a href="Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">encoding</a> of spoken Japanese. However, these three kinds of sign are all widely referred to as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shuwa</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">手話</span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">manual language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span> in Japan.

</p><p>These are not to be confused with the following, as they are distinct languages in separate <a href="Language_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families">language families</a>:

</p>

<ul><li>Amami Shuwa (<span title="Northern Amami-Oshima-language text"><span lang="ryn">シマ手話</span></span>; AOSL: <a href="Amami_Oshima_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amami Oshima Sign Language">Amami Oshima Sign Language</a>, also called Koniya Sign Language or Koniya Shuwa)</li>

<li>Miyakubo Shuwa (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宮窪手話</span></span>; <a href="Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Sign Language</a>, also called Ehime-Oshima Sign Language)</li></ul>

<p>The sign languages of <a href="Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korea</a> (KSL; <a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">한국 수화</span></span>; <a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw external" title="wikt:韓國">韓國</a>手話</span></span>; <a href="Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hanguk Suhwa</i></span>) and <a href="Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Taiwan</a> (TSL; <a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">台灣手語</span>; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Táiwān Shǒuyǔ</span></i>) share some signs with JSL, perhaps due to cultural transfer during the period of Japanese occupation. JSL has about a 60% lexical similarity with <a href="Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Taiwanese Sign Language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaf_education">Deaf education</h2></div>

<p>The conflict on the definition of JSL and <a href="Taiou_Shuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiou Shuwa">Taiou Shuwa</a> continues, and it affects Deaf education.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, <a href="Oralism" title="Oralism">oral education</a>, long in use, was replaced with the <a href="Total_communication" title="Total communication">total communication method</a>. Previously, Deaf children were forced to speak and banned from using sign language in all schools for the Deaf. With the total communication method, teachers use multiple modes of communication, including <a href="Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>, <a href="Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a>, and <a href="Simultaneous_communication" title="Simultaneous communication">simultaneous communication</a>, to fit each Deaf child. The use of sign language spread in Japan at that time, but it was used along with speaking, as in <a href="Simultaneous_communication" title="Simultaneous communication">simultaneous communication</a> with Taiou Shuwa.

</p><p>In 2003, the Japan Deaf Children and Parents Association published a civil rights remedy statement called "Rights of Deaf children to education equality were infringed". They requested teachers who can teach JSL in all schools, and they demanded the JSL cambism course in all universities give a license for teachers of the Deaf. However, the <a href="Japanese_Federation_of_the_Deaf" title="Japanese Federation of the Deaf">Japanese Federation of the Deaf</a> said "human rights may be infringed by distinguishing the two communication methods for users of JSL and Taiou Shuwa," with some agreement from the Japan Deaf Children and Parents Association. Finally, the Japan Federation of Bar Associations prepared the document "Opinion to require enriched sign education," and used the word <i>sign</i> instead of JSL. The statement did not have the power to add the requirement that teachers can teach in JSL in all schools for the Deaf.<br>Currently, JSL is used in only one <a href="Private_school" title="Private school">private school</a> in <a href="Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Meisei Gakuen, and the other schools for the Deaf use other communication methods.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilingual_education_for_Deaf_in_Japan">Bilingual education for Deaf in Japan</h2></div>

<p><a href="Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual education</a> for the Deaf (see also <a href="Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education" title="Bilingual–bicultural education">Bilingual–bicultural education</a>) aims to acquire JSL and <a href="Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a>. Some parents select other language modalities as well, like <a href="Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>, to communicate with their children. Some parents also opt to use other tools, such as <a href="Cochlear_implants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear implants">cochlear implants</a> and <a href="Hearing_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing aids">hearing aids</a>, for their Deaf children with sign language. In regards to Deaf education, using sign was cited in studies as it prevents from acquiring <a href="Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> for a long time.

</p><p>However, recent articles<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have reported that children with fluency in a first language have the ability to acquire a second language, like other <a href="Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">foreign language learners</a>, even though the modalities are different. Therefore, the most important factor is to acquire fluency in one's <a href="First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. The future task is to consider how to bridge Japanese Sign Language and <a href="Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> in bilingual education.

</p><p>In Japan, the bilingual education has been in free school (Tatsunoko Gakuen) since 1999 and school (Meisei Gakuen) since 2009.

</p>

<p>In 2011, the first sign language law was established on "language" as an act for persons with disabilities on July 29, and it was announced on August 5. After this, sign language was acknowledged as a form of language by law in Japan.

</p><p>In 2013, the first sign language law was established in <a href="Tottori_Prefecture" title="Tottori Prefecture">Tottori Prefecture</a>. The law stated "Sign is language". From then on, sign language law has spread across the country at the prefecture level. There are goals to establish a sign language law at the national level.

</p><p>However, there are two conflicting positions<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on sign language law as the sign language laws were not written in reference to JSL. One position claims that it is dangerous to mislead that sign language includes not only JSL, but also <a href="Taiou_Shuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiou Shuwa">Taiou Shuwa</a> (manually-coded Japanese or <a href="Simultaneous_communication" title="Simultaneous communication">simultaneous communication</a>) and <a href="Chuukan_Shuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuukan Shuwa">Chuukan Shuwa</a> (contact sign). The other claims that by establishing JSL, the language law makes it easy to discriminate against various sign users (deaf and mute people).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffusion_among_the_hearing">Diffusion among the hearing</h2></div>

<p>Interest in sign language among the hearing population of Japan has been increasing, with numerous books now published targeting the hearing population, a weekly TV program teaching JSL, and the increasing availability of night school classes for the hearing to learn JSL. There have been several TV dramas, including <i><a href="Hoshi_no_Kinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshi no Kinka">Hoshi no Kinka</a></i> (1995), in which signing has been a significant part of the plot, and sign language dramas are now a minor genre on Japanese TV.

</p><p>The highly acclaimed 2006 film <i><a href="Babel_(film)" title="Babel (film)">Babel</a></i>, which was directed by <a href="Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> and nominated for multiple <a href="Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Awards</a>, also featured JSL as a significant element of the plot. Hearing actress <a href="Rinko_Kikuchi" title="Rinko Kikuchi">Rinko Kikuchi</a> received a <a href="Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Best Supporting Actress</a> nomination for her signing role in this film. In Japan, about 40,000 signatures including both the hearing and deaf people were collected to subtitle the scene in <i>Babel</i> spoken in Japanese for the deaf audience.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The anime school drama film <a href="A_Silent_Voice_(film)" title="A Silent Voice (film)"><i>A Silent Voice</i></a> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Koe no Katachi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">聲の形</span></span>) lit. 'The Shape of Voice'</span>), released in 2016, features a prominent deaf JSL-speaking character, Shōko Nishimiya. It was produced by <a href="Kyoto_Animation" title="Kyoto Animation">Kyoto Animation</a>, directed by <a href="Naoko_Yamada" title="Naoko Yamada">Naoko Yamada</a>, written by <a href="Reiko_Yoshida" title="Reiko Yoshida">Reiko Yoshida</a>, and featured character designs by <a href="Futoshi_Nishiya" title="Futoshi Nishiya">Futoshi Nishiya</a>. It is based on the <a href="A_Silent_Voice_(manga)" title="A Silent Voice (manga)">manga of the same name</a> written and illustrated by <a href="Yoshitoki_%C5%8Cima" title="Yoshitoki Ōima">Yoshitoki Ōima</a>. The film premiered in Japan on September 17, 2016.

</p><p>A manga series titled <i><a href="A_Sign_of_Affection" title="A Sign of Affection">A Sign of Affection</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ゆびさきと恋々</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yubisaki to Renren</i></span>)</span> by the author Suu Morishita which features several JSL-speaking characters including the main deaf character Yuki Itose was adapted into anime series on January 6, 2024, by <a href="Ajia-do_Animation_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajia-do Animation Works">Ajia-do Animation Works</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2></div>

<p>As in other sign languages, JSL (usually called simply <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">手話</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shuwa</i></span>, 'hand talk') consists of words, or signs, and the grammar with which they are put together. JSL signs may be nouns, verbs, adjectives, or any other part of a sentence, including suffixes indicating <a href="Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="Negation" title="Negation">negation</a>, and <a href="Grammatical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical particles">grammatical particles</a>. Signs consist not just of a manual gesture, but also <i>mouthing</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">口話</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kōwa</i></span>; 'mouth talk')</span> (pronouncing a standard Japanese word with or without making a sound). The same sign may assume one of two different but <a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">semantically related</a> meanings, as for example in <i>home</i> and <i>house</i>, according to its <a href="Mouthing" title="Mouthing">mouthing</a>. Another indispensable part of many signs is facial expression.

</p>

<p>In addition to signs and their grammar, JSL is augmented by 'finger letters'<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">指文字</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Yubimoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Yubimoji">yubimoji</a></i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, a form of <a href="Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>, which was introduced from the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the early part of the twentieth century, but is used less often than in <a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>. Each <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yubimoji</i></span> corresponds to a <i><a href="Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></i>, as illustrated by the <a href="Japanese_Sign_Language_syllabary" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Sign Language syllabary">JSL syllabary</a>. Fingerspelling is used mostly for foreign words, last names, and unusual words. <a href="Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">身振り</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">miburi</i></span>; 'gestures')</span> is used to cover situations where existing signs are not sufficient.

</p><p>Because JSL is strongly influenced by the complex <a href="Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a>, it dedicates particular attention to the written language and includes elements specifically designed to express <i><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i> in signs. For either conciseness or disambiguation, particular signs are associated with certain commonly used <i>kanji</i>, place names, and sometimes surnames. Finger writing<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">空書</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kūsho</i></span>; 'air writing')</span> (tracing <i>kanji</i> in the air) is also sometimes used for last names or place names, just as it is in spoken Japanese.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_signs">Examples of signs</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">A noun: 'bicycle'<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">自転車</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jitensha</i></span>)</span></div>

</li>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A Chinese character: 'middle'<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">naka, chū</i></span>)</span></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">An interrogative sentence-ending grammatical particle<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">か</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ka</i></span>)</span></div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sign_languages_in_Japan">Other sign languages in Japan</h2></div>

<p>Some communities where deafness is relatively common and which have historically had little contact with mainland Japan have formed their own <a href="Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">village sign languages</a>:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Koniya Sign Language</a> in <a href="Amami_%C5%8Cshima" title="Amami Ōshima">Amami Ōshima</a></li>

<li><a href="Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Sign Language</a> in <a href="Miyakubo%2C_Ehime" title="Miyakubo, Ehime">Miyakubo, Ehime</a></li></ul>

<p>The increase in communication has led to an increasing influence of the Japanese sign over the village forms.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign Language family</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-e22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e22_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/22/language/jsl">Japanese Sign Language</a> at <i><a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (22nd ed., 2019) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"></a></span></span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Itida, Y. Japanese Association for Sign Language Studies. The Estimated Population of Japanese Sign Language Users. Retrieved June, 2001.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGertzBoudreault2016" class="citation book cs1">Gertz, Genie; Boudreault, Patrick (2016-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-15CwAAQBAJ&q=tashiro+furukawa&pg=PT1185"><i>The SAGE Deaf Studies Encyclopedia</i></a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781506341668</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMinami2016" class="citation book cs1">Minami, Masahiko (2016-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHhlCwAAQBAJ&q=tashiro+furukawa&pg=PT747"><i>Handbook of Japanese Applied Linguistics</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781501500800</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monaghan, Leila Frances. (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUIqOlcbZ6QC"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUIqOlcbZ6QC">Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities,<i> p. 211</i></a> at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakamura, Karen. (2006). <i>Deaf in Japan: Signing and the Politics of Identity,</i> p. 9, citing Kimura, Harumi and Yasuhiro Ichida. 1995. "<i>Roubunka Sengen</i>" (An Explanation of Deaf Culture), <i>Gendai Shisou</i>, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 354–399.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakamura, Karen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625013548/http://ssjj.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/1/17.abstract">"Resistance and Co‐optation: the Japanese Federation of the Deaf and its Relations with State Power"</a>. <i>Social Science Japan Journal</i> (SSJJ) (2002) Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 17–35.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valpy, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718184645/http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090627.escenic_1199494/BNStory/National/MICHAEL+VALPY?pageRequested=all">"The emperor and the tennis pro"</a>. <i>Globe and Mail</i> (Canada). June 27, 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imperial Household Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/activity/activity03.html">Their Imperial Highnesses Prince and Princess Akishino</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deafjapan.blogspot.com/2010/09/princess-kiko-chats-with-deaf-soccer.html">"Princess Kiko chats with Deaf soccer players in sign language after film show"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708032818/http://deafjapan.blogspot.com/2010/09/princess-kiko-chats-with-deaf-soccer.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Deaf Japan News</i>. September 7, 2010.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deafjapan.blogspot.com/2010/11/deaf-community-requests-enactment-of.html">"Deaf community requests enactment of the sign language law"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708032853/http://deafjapan.blogspot.com/2010/11/deaf-community-requests-enactment-of.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Deaf Japan News</i>. November 15, 2010.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfd.or.jp/en/2011/09/16/pid1488">"Sign Language Stated in Law!" at jfd.or.jp</a>; excerpt, "Every person with disabilities, wherever possible, shall be ensured opportunities to choose his or her language (including sign language) and/or other means of communication, and the expansion of opportunities to choose his or her means of acquiring or utilizing information shall be promoted."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jasli_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jasli_1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasli_1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasli_1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Japanese Association of Sign Language Interpreters, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasli.jp/about01e.html">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107163547/http://www.jasli.jp/about01e.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saruhashi, Junko and Yuko Takeshita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/42/41519261.pdf">"Ten Linguistic Issues in Japan: The Impact of Globalization"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36734103_1_1_1_1_1,00.html">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimura, H. (2011). 日本手話と日本語対応手話(手指日本語)―間にある「深い谷」.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2010" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Susan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xI0uqGyrsN8C&pg=PA501"><i>Variation in East Asian Sign Language Structures</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781139487399</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kwak, J. (2017). 日本手話とろう教育. Seikatsushoin.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMayberry1993" class="citation journal cs1">Mayberry, I. R. (Dec 1993). "First-language acquisition after childhood differs from second-language acquisition: the case of American Sign Language". <i>Journal of Speech and Hearing Research</i>. <b>36</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1258–</span>70. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1044%2Fjshr.3606.1258">10.1044/jshr.3606.1258</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8114493">8114493</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mori, S., & Sasaki, N. (2016). 手話を言語と言うのなら. Hitsuji-syobou.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/culture/movie/TKY200704280240.html">"<i>yonmannin shomei haikyu ugokasu</i>"</a>. <i>asahi</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/shogaihukushi/b-free/tyokaku/cont/21_22.html">Chokaku Shogaisha Rikai no Tame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307044008/http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/shogaihukushi/b-free/tyokaku/cont/21_22.html">Archived</a> 2009-03-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kanagawa Prefecture Site accessed on August 27, 2009 <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Nyūmon - Shin Shuwa Kyōshitsu - Kōsei Rōdōshō Hōshiin Yōsei Kōza - Nyūmon Katei Taiyō</i> (in Japanese). Zenkoku Shuwa Kenshū Senta-. 2004. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-4-902158-11-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Monaghan, Leila Frances. (2003). <i>Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities</i>. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781563681356</bdi>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/248814292">OCLC 248814292</a></li>

<li>Nakamura, Karen. (2006). <i>Deaf in Japan: Signing and the Politics of Identity</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780801443503</bdi>; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780801473562</bdi>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/238810838">OCLC 238810838</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925034012/http://jasl.jp/">Japanese Association of Sign Linguistics (JASL)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tgs.co.jp/signlist/signlist.htm">手話教室</a> (online JSL lessons and dictionary, in Japanese)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsf.wikisign.org/wiki/Langue:Signes_du_Monde#Japon">Online JSL dictionaries</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyoto-be.ne.jp/ed-center/gakko/jsl/">Kyoto Prefectural Education Center Website with explanations in English</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Languages_of_Japan113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Variants</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Hokkaido Ainu</a></li>

<li><a href="Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li>

<li><a href="Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li>

<li><a href="Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li>

<li><a href="Miyako_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyako language">Miyako</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kurima_language_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurima language (Japan)">Kurima</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li>

<li><a href="Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoochew_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoochew Chinese">Hoochew</a></li>

<li><a href="Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Esperanto_in_Japan" title="Esperanto in Japan">Esperanto</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Zainichi_Korean_language" title="Zainichi Korean language">Zainichi Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Sakhalin_Ainu_language" title="Sakhalin Ainu language">Sakhalin Ainu</a> †</li>

<li><a href="Kuril_Ainu_language" title="Kuril Ainu language">Kuril Ainu</a> †</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Amami_Oshima_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amami Oshima Sign Language">Amami Oshima Sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Sign</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sign_language1559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_language1559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sign_languages_by_number_of_native_signers" title="List of sign languages by number of native signers">List by number of signers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language<br>families<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_family973" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian<br> Aboriginal</a><br> (<small>multiple families</small>)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Djingili_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djingili Sign Language">Djingili</a></li>

<li><a href="Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Eltye eltyarrenke</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Iltyeme iltyeme</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Miriwoong_Sign_Language" title="Miriwoong Sign Language">Miriwoong</a></li>

<li><a href="Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudburra</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Rdaka rdaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a>

<ul><li><a href="Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warramunga</a></li>

<li><a href="Worora_Kinship_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worora Kinship Sign Language">Worora Kinship</a></li>

<li>Yan-nhaŋu</li>

<li><a href="Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></li>

<li><a href="Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kartutjarra_language#Sign_language" title="Kartutjarra language">Kartutjarra</a></li>

<li><a href="Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></li>

<li><a href="Ngaatjatjarra_dialect#Sign_language" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendath Kesign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Meriam</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab (Ishaaric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Egyptian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuwaiti_Sign_Language" title="Kuwaiti Sign Language">Kuwaiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Libyan_Sign_Language" title="Libyan Sign Language">Libyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language" title="Qatari Unified Sign Language">Qatari Unified</a></li>

<li><a href="Yemeni_Sign_Language" title="Yemeni Sign Language">Yemeni</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqi–<br> Levantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Jordanian</li>

<li>Lebanese</li>

<li>Palestinian</li>

<li>Syrian</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Emirati_Sign_Language" title="Emirati Sign Language">Emirati</a></li>

<li><a href="Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></li>

<li><a href="Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese (CSL/ZGS)</a>

<ul><li>Shanghai

<ul><li>Macau</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chilean-Paraguayan-<br> Uruguayan Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean (LSCh)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paraguay-Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay-Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguayan-<br> Uruguayan Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paraguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay Sign Language">Paraguay (LSPY)</a></li>

<li><a href="Uruguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Sign Language">Uruguay (LSU)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian (LSA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German (DSGS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish (ISL)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan (LSC)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian (LSV)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian (LSR)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">American<br> (ASLic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL (BASL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Bolivian</li>

<li><a href="Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a>

<ul><li>Yangon</li>

<li>Mandalay</li></ul></li>

<li>Cambodian</li>

<li>Costa Rican</li>

<li>Dominican</li>

<li><a href="Guyanese_Sign_Language" title="Guyanese Sign Language">Guyanese</a></li>

<li>Jamaican</li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian (BIM)</a></li>

<li>Panamanian</li>

<li><a href="Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino (FSL)</a></li>

<li>Puerto Rican (PRSL)</li>

<li><a href="Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore (SgSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian (Nusantaric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian (Bisindo)</a>

<ul><li>Jakarta</li>

<li>Yogyakarta</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francophone African<br>(Françafrosign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Ethiopian</li>

<li>Chadian</li>

<li>Ghanaian</li>

<li>Guinean</li>

<li><a href="Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></li>

<li>Moroccan</li>

<li>Nigerian</li>

<li>Sierra Leonean</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida (OSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language" title="Hawaiʻi Sign Language">Hoailona ʻŌlelo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec (LSQ)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br> Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech (ČZJ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian (Magyar Jelnyev)</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian (ÖGS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Sign_Language" title="Slovak Sign Language">Slovak (SPJ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian (УЖМ/USL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani (AİD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian (БЖЕ)</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian (LSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian (РЖЯ)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslavic Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian (HZJ)</a></li>

<li>Kosovar</li>

<li>Serbian</li>

<li>Slovenian</li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (YSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch (NGT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian (LIS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian (TSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican (LSM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran (LESHO)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish (VGT)</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian (LSFB)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish (Tegnic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic (Táknmál)</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian (Tegnspråk)</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish (Tegnsprog)</a></li>

<li>Faroese (Teknmál)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Viet-Thai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi</a></li>

<li><a href="Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai (TSL/MSTSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Great Basin</li>

<li>Northeast</li>

<li>Plains Sign Talk</li>

<li><i>Southeast</i></li>

<li>Southwest</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida (OSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>A'aninin</li>

<li>Kalispel</li>

<li>Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)</li>

<li>Nesilextcl'n</li>

<li>Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)</li>

<li>Sqeliz</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani<br> Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Bangalore-Madras</li>

<li>Beluchistan</li>

<li><a href="Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></li>

<li>Bombay</li>

<li>Calcutta</li>

<li>Delhi</li>

<li><a href="Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali</a></li>

<li>North West Frontier Province</li>

<li>Punjab-Sindh</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li>

<li><i>Chilmark</i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Maya (Meemul Tziij /<br>Meemul Ch'aab'al)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Highland Maya</li>

<li>Yucatec

<ul><li>Chicán</li>

<li>Nohkop</li>

<li>Nohya</li>

<li>Trascorral</li>

<li>Cepeda Peraza</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NW Eurosign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BANZSL53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British (BSL)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland (NISL)</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Fijian</li>

<li><a href="Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African (SASL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eritrean_Sign_Language" title="Eritrean Sign Language">Eritrean (EriSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese (LGP)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Verdian_Sign_Language" title="Cape Verdian Sign Language">Cape Verdian (LGC)</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Sign_Language" title="São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language">São Tomé and Príncipean (LGSTP)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish (Teckenspråk)</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish (Viittomakieli)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German (DGS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish (PJM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli (Shassi)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></li>

<li><a href="Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian (NSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–<br> Cayman Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island (Provisle)</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman (Guyanese)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian (AlbSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></li>

<li><a href="Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian (Harsneren)</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Bay_Islands_Sign_Language" title="Bay Islands Sign Language">Bay Islands</a></li>

<li>Belizean</li>

<li><a href="Berbey_Sign_Language" title="Berbey Sign Language">Berbey</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></li>

<li><a href="Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></li>

<li><a href="Carhuahuaran_Sign_Language" title="Carhuahuaran Sign Language">Carhuahuaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus (CTSL/OTİD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban (LSC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogon_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon Sign Language">Dogon/Douentza</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian (LSEC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia (AJSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan (Lensegua)</a></li>

<li><a href="Guinea-Bissau_Sign_Language" title="Guinea-Bissau Sign Language">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawai'i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)</a>

<ul><li>Creole HSL</li></ul></li>

<li>Inuit

<ul><li><a href="Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Uukturausingit (IUR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></li>

<li><a href="Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></li>

<li><a href="Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasim</a></li>

<li><a href="Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li>

<li><a href="Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan (KSL/LAK)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali (SSL)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)</a></li>

<li>Kisindo</li>

<li><a href="Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Malawian_Sign_Language" title="Malawian Sign Language">Malawian</a></li>

<li><a href="Maltese_Sign_Language" title="Maltese Sign Language">Maltese (LSM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></li>

<li><a href="Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></li>

<li><a href="Maunabudhuk%E2%80%93Bodhe_Sign_Language" title="Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language">Maunabudhuk–Bodhe</a></li>

<li><a href="Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian (MSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li>

<li><a href="Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Shuwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Burkina_Sign_Language" title="Burkina Sign Language">Burkina (Mossi)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></li>

<li><a href="Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo/Diné Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan (ISN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></li>

<li><a href="Orocovis_Sign_Language" title="Orocovis Sign Language">Orocovis (LSOR)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ottoman_Sign_Language" title="Ottoman Sign Language">Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian (Esharani)</a></li>

<li><a href="Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian (LSP)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (AKR/AMR)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran (LESSA)</a></li>

<li>Sawmill</li>

<li><a href="Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina (SSSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Rupununi_Sign_Language" title="South Rupununi Sign Language">South Rupununi</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish (LSE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></li>

<li><a href="Terena_Sign_Language" title="Terena Sign Language">Terena</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sign_Language" title="Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language">Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish (TİD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan (USL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li>

<li>West African

<ul><li><a href="Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL/Mumu kasa)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura (Burasl)</a></li>

<li>Mofu-Gudur</li>

<li><a href="Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin (NanabinSL)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Yoruba_Sign_Language" title="Yoruba Sign Language">Yoruban (YSL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian (ZSL)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Amami Shuwa languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethiopian_sign_languages" title="Ethiopian sign languages">Ethiopian languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese languages</a> (~150)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian languages</a> (7+)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimsign languages</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">Village languages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_region108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Algeria</dt>

<dd><a href="Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd>

<dt>Cameroon</dt>

<dd><a href="Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></dd>

<dt>Cape Verde</dt>

<dd><a href="Cape_Verdian_Sign_Language" title="Cape Verdian Sign Language">Cape Verdian (LGC)</a></dd>

<dt>Ghana</dt>

<dd><a href="Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin</a></dd>

<dt>Ivory Coast</dt>

<dd><a href="Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></dd>

<dt>Kenya</dt>

<dd><a href="Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan</a></dd>

<dt>Malawi</dt>

<dd><a href="Malawian_Sign_Language" title="Malawian Sign Language">Malawian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Berbey_Sign_Language" title="Berbey Sign Language">Berbey</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></dd>

<dt>Mozambique</dt>

<dd><a href="Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></dd>

<dt>Nigeria</dt>

<dd><a href="Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (Magannar Hannu)</a></dd>

<dt>Rwanda</dt>

<dd><a href="Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (Amarenga)</a></dd>

<dt>São Tomé and Príncipe</dt>

<dd><a href="S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_Sign_Language" title="São Tomé and Príncipe Sign Language">São Tomé and Príncipean (LGSTP)</a></dd>

<dt>Senegal</dt>

<dd><a href="Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">Mbour</a></dd>

<dt>Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti</dt>

<dd><a href="Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali</a></dd>

<dt>South Africa</dt>

<dd><a href="South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African</a></dd>

<dt>Tanzania</dt>

<dd><a href="Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a></dd>

<dt>Uganda</dt>

<dd><a href="Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan</a></dd>

<dt>Zambia</dt>

<dd><a href="Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Bengal</dt>

<dd><a href="Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd>

<dt>Cambodia</dt>

<dd><a href="Cambodian_Sign_Language" title="Cambodian Sign Language">Cambodian</a></dd>

<dt>China</dt>

<dd><a href="Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></dd>

<dt>India</dt>

<dd><a href="Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></dd>

<dt>Indonesia</dt>

<dd><a href="Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Iranian (Esharani)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish</a></dd>

<dt>Israel</dt>

<dd><a href="Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></dd>

<dt>Japan</dt>

<dd><a href="Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Koniya</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo</a></dd>

<dt>Korea</dt>

<dd><a href="Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean</a></dd>

<dt>Kazakhstan</dt>

<dd><a href="Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian</a></dd>

<dt>Malaysia</dt>

<dd><a href="Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor</a></dd>

<dt>Maldives</dt>

<dd><a href="Maldives_Sign_Language" title="Maldives Sign Language">Maldives</a></dd>

<dt>Mongolia</dt>

<dd><a href="Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></dd>

<dt>Nepal</dt>

<dd><a href="Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Maunabudhuk%E2%80%93Bodhe_Sign_Language" title="Maunabudhuk–Bodhe Sign Language">Maunabudhuk–Bodhe</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nepalese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Sign Language">Nepalese</a></dd>

<dt>Philippines</dt>

<dd><a href="Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino</a></dd>

<dt>Saudi Arabia</dt>

<dd><a href="Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></dd>

<dt>Singapore</dt>

<dd><a href="Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore</a></dd>

<dt>Sri Lanka</dt>

<dd><a href="Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan</a></dd>

<dt>Taiwan</dt>

<dd><a href="Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese</a></dd>

<dt>Tajikistan</dt>

<dd><a href="Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd>

<dt>Tibet</dt>

<dd><a href="Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></dd>

<dt>Thailand</dt>

<dd><a href="Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></dd>

<dt>Vietnam</dt>

<dd><a href="Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Armenia</dt>

<dd><a href="Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></dd>

<dt>Austria</dt>

<dd><a href="Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></dd>

<dt>Azerbaijan</dt>

<dd><a href="Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani</a></dd>

<dt>Belgium</dt>

<dd><a href="Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></dd>

<dd><a href="French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></dd>

<dt>United Kingdom</dt>

<dd><a href="British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></dd>

<dt>Croatia</dt>

<dd><a href="Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></dd>

<dt>Denmark</dt>

<dd><a href="Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></dd>

<dd>Faroese (Teknmál)</dd>

<dt>Estonia</dt>

<dd><a href="Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></dd>

<dt>Finland</dt>

<dd><a href="Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish</a></dd>

<dt>France</dt>

<dd><a href="Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons</a></dd>

<dt>Georgia</dt>

<dd><a href="Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></dd>

<dt>Germany</dt>

<dd><a href="German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German</a></dd>

<dt>Greece</dt>

<dd><a href="Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a></dd>

<dt>Hungary</dt>

<dd><a href="Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></dd>

<dt>Iceland</dt>

<dd><a href="Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></dd>

<dt>Ireland</dt>

<dd><a href="Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></dd>

<dt>Italy</dt>

<dd><a href="Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></dd>

<dt>Kosovo</dt>

<dd><a href="Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (Kosovar)</a></dd>

<dt>Latvia</dt>

<dd><a href="Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></dd>

<dt>Lithuania</dt>

<dd><a href="Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></dd>

<dt>Moldova</dt>

<dd><a href="Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd>

<dt>Netherlands</dt>

<dd><a href="Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></dd>

<dt>North Macedonia</dt>

<dd><a href="Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></dd>

<dt>Northern Ireland</dt>

<dd><a href="Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland</a></dd>

<dt>Norway</dt>

<dd><a href="Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></dd>

<dt>Poland</dt>

<dd><a href="Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish</a></dd>

<dt>Portugal</dt>

<dd><a href="Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese</a></dd>

<dt>Russia</dt>

<dd><a href="Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd>

<dt>Slovenia</dt>

<dd><a href="Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Slovenian</a></dd>

<dt>Spain</dt>

<dd><a href="Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></dd>

<dt>Sweden</dt>

<dd><a href="Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish</a></dd>

<dt>Switzerland</dt>

<dd><a href="Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></dd>

<dt>Turkey</dt>

<dd><a href="Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus (CTSL/OTİD)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish</a></dd>

<dt>Ukraine</dt>

<dd><a href="Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and<br>Central<br>America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Belize</dt>

<dd>Belizean</dd>

<dt>Canada</dt>

<dd><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida (OSL)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit (IUR)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></dd>

<dd>Sawmill</dd>

<dd><a href="Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></dd>

<dt>Cayman</dt>

<dd><i><a href="Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman</a></i></dd>

<dt>Costa Rica</dt>

<dd><a href="Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></dd>

<dd><a href="New_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Costa Rican Sign Language">New Costa Rican</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban</a></dd>

<dt>Greenland</dt>

<dd><a href="Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></dd>

<dt>Guatemala</dt>

<dd><a href="Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd>

<dt>Haiti</dt>

<dd><a href="Haitian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Sign Language">Haitian</a></dd>

<dt>Honduras</dt>

<dd><a href="Bay_Islands_Sign_Language" title="Bay Islands Sign Language">Bay Islands</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Honduras_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduras Sign Language">Honduran</a></dd>

<dt>Mexico</dt>

<dd><a href="Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></dd>

<dt>Nicaragua</dt>

<dd><a href="Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan</a></dd>

<dt>Panama</dt>

<dd><a href="Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></dd>

<dt>Puerto Rico (USA)</dt>

<dd><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Sign Language">Puerto Rican</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Orocovis_Sign_Language" title="Orocovis Sign Language">Orocovis</a></dd>

<dt>El Salvador</dt>

<dd><a href="Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran (LESSO)</a></dd>

<dd>Old Salvadoran</dd>

<dt>United States</dt>

<dd><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dl><dd><a href="Oneida_Sign_Language" title="Oneida Sign Language">Oneida (OSL)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language"><i>Henniker</i></a></dd>

<dd><a href="Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan (Keresign)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"><i>Martha's Vineyard</i></a></dd>

<dd>Navajo Family</dd>

<dd><a href="Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language"><i>Sandy River Valley</i></a></dd>

<dd>Sawmill</dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Australia</dt>

<dd><a href="Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudbura (Mudburra)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ngada_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada Sign Language">Ngada</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warumungu (Warramunga)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></dd>

<dt>Hawaii (USA)</dt>

<dd><a href="Hawaiian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Sign Language">Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)</a></dd>

<dt>New Zealand</dt>

<dd><a href="New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></dd>

<dt>Papua New Guinea</dt>

<dd><a href="Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></dd>

<dt>Samoa and American Samoa</dt>

<dd><a href="Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Argentina</dt>

<dd><a href="Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></dd>

<dt>Bolivia</dt>

<dd><a href="Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></dd>

<dt>Brazil</dt>

<dd><a href="Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="South_Rupununi_Sign_Language" title="South Rupununi Sign Language">South Rupununi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Terena_Sign_Language" title="Terena Sign Language">Terena</a></dd>

<dt>Chile</dt>

<dd><a href="Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></dd>

<dt>Colombia</dt>

<dd><a href="Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Provisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisle">Provisle</a></dd>

<dt>Ecuador</dt>

<dd><a href="Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian</a></dd>

<dt>Guyana</dt>

<dd><a href="Guyanese_Sign_Language" title="Guyanese Sign Language">Guyanese</a></dd>

<dd><a href="South_Rupununi_Sign_Language" title="South Rupununi Sign Language">South Rupununi</a></dd>

<dt>Paraguay</dt>

<dd><a href="Paraguayan_Sign_Language" title="Paraguayan Sign Language">Paraguayan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Carhuahuaran_Sign_Language" title="Carhuahuaran Sign Language">Carhuahuaran</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></dd>

<dt>Suriname</dt>

<dd><a href="Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></dd>

<dt>Uruguay</dt>

<dd><a href="Uruguayan_Sign_Language" title="Uruguayan Sign Language">Uruguayan</a></dd>

<dt>Venezuela</dt>

<dd><a href="Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Signalong" title="Signalong">Signalong</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Idioms_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Idioms in American Sign Language">Idioms</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Profanity_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Profanity in American Sign Language">Profanity</a></li>

<li><a href="ASL_name_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="ASL name sign">Name signs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct<br> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Chilmark</li>

<li><a href="Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></li>

<li><a href="Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Martha's_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></li>

<li><a href="Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar (ASL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bimodal_bilingualism" title="Bimodal bilingualism">Bimodal bilingualism</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">Phonology (ASL)</a></li>

<li><a href="Handshape" title="Handshape">Handshape</a> / <a href="Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">Location</a> / <a href="Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">Orientation</a> / <a href="Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">Movement</a> / <a href="Expression_(sign_language)" title="Expression (sign language)">Expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">Nonmanual feature</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign names</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-handed_manual_alphabets" title="Two-handed manual alphabets">British (two-handed)</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_manual_alphabet" title="Catalan manual alphabet">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilean_manual_alphabet" title="Chilean manual alphabet">Chilean</a></li>

<li><a href="Esperanto_manual_alphabet" title="Esperanto manual alphabet">Esperanto</a></li>

<li><a href="French_manual_alphabet" title="French manual alphabet">French</a></li>

<li><a href="German_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German manual alphabet">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_manual_alphabet" title="Hungarian manual alphabet">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_manual_alphabet" title="Irish manual alphabet">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_manual_syllabary" title="Japanese manual syllabary">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_manual_alphabet" title="Russian manual alphabet">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_manual_alphabet" title="Yugoslav manual alphabet">Serbo-Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_manual_alphabet" title="Spanish manual alphabet">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_manual_alphabet" title="Ukrainian manual alphabet">Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_manual_alphabet" title="Portuguese manual alphabet">Portuguese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamburg_Notation_System" title="Hamburg Notation System">Hamburg Notation System</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li>

<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>

<li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a> (<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language<br> contact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">Contact sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Initialized_sign" title="Initialized sign">Initialized sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed Oral<br> Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_coded_English" title="Manually coded English">Manually coded English</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_coded_language_in_South_Africa" title="Manually coded language in South Africa">Manually coded language in South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li>

<li><a href="Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman Sign System</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Dutch" title="Signed Dutch">Signed Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_German" title="Signed German">Signed German</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Italian" title="Signed Italian">Signed Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Polish">Signed Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Signed_Spanish" title="Signed Spanish">Signed Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Signing_Exact_English" title="Signing Exact English">Signing Exact English</a></li>

<li><a href="Tecknad_svenska" title="Tecknad svenska">Signed Swedish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education" title="Bilingual–bicultural education">Bilingual–bicultural education</a></li>

<li><a href="Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sign-language_media" title="Sign-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Films (list)</li>

<li>Television shows (list)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jabbar_Baghtcheban" title="Jabbar Baghtcheban">Jabbar Baghtcheban</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeanette_Berglind" title="Jeanette Berglind">Jeanette Berglind</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Braidwood" title="Thomas Braidwood">Thomas Braidwood</a></li>

<li><a href="Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Fouts" title="Roger Fouts">Roger Fouts</a></li>

<li><a href="Valerie_Sutton" title="Valerie Sutton">Valerie Sutton</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li>

<li><a href="Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard" title="Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard">Abbé Sicard</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Pierre Pélissier">Pierre Pélissier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_of_Visual_Language_Interpreters_of_Canada" title="Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada">Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Center_on_Deafness_and_the_Arts" title="International Center on Deafness and the Arts">International Center on Deafness and the Arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Mimics_and_Gesture_Theatre" title="Mimics and Gesture Theatre">Mimics and Gesture Theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Association_of_Sign_Language_Interpreters" title="World Association of Sign Language Interpreters">World Association of Sign Language Interpreters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimpanzee_and_Human_Communication_Institute" title="Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute">CHCI chimpanzee center</a> (<a href="Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>, <a href="Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Hand_signaling_(open_outcry)" title="Hand signaling (open outcry)">Open Outcry</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Army_hand_and_arm_signals" title="U.S. Army hand and arm signals">U.S. Army hand and arm signals </a></li>

<li><a href="Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li>

<li><a href="Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_a"><b><a href="#ref_note_a">^a</a></b></span> Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, <a href="American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> and <a href="British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to <a href="French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>.

<p><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_b"><b><a href="#ref_note_b">^b</a></b></span> Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.

</p>

<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_c"><b><a href="#ref_note_c">^c</a></b></span> <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-11-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Japanese_Sign_Language&oldid=1256195543">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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